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["Author","Title","Edition","Chapter #/Title","Page Number","Image Name"," Thumbnail of Image","Decorative","Complexity","Figure legend","Alt text - Short","Alt text - Long"]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"Cover",null,null,"NO","Simple",null,"Cover: Remote Pilot - Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Guide by Federal Aviation Administration"]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig1-1",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This image shows the class of airplanes called seaplanes and compares the different types of seaplanes with their land equivalents.","This picture shows the class of ariplanes called seaplanes. From top to bottom are compared the two types of seaplanes with their land plane equivalents. First on top is the picture of Single Engined landplane. Below that is the picture of Single Engined Seaplane. The difference between these two are the floats on the seaplane. Below these two is the third plane, the multi-engined landplane. Below that and fourth is the multi-engined seaplane. Again, the difference between the land and seaplane variants are the floats on the seaplane."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig1-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This is a diagram showing the three types of symbols used for indicating  different types of seaplane landing areas.","This picture shows the three symbols that are used for indicating seaplane landing areas. The first one on top shows the symbol of an anchor. Beside it is written the text indicating the type of landing area it represents: \"Seaplane Base, No Facilities or Complete Information is Not Available\". The second one has the anchor and encompassing the anchor is a circle. The circle has four small squares on four sides. One on top, one on each side left and right and one on the bottom. The text \"Civil Seaplane Base with Fuel and Services\" is written next to it telling what the symbol represents. The third symbol has the anchor enclosed in two concentric circles. This is the symbol of a \"Military Seaplane Base with Fuel and Services\"."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig1-3",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This is a picture that shows the different types of buoys typically used along waterways.","This is a picture of buoys that are typically used in waterways. There are five types of buoys depicted in this picture. There are two on the top, one left and one right. Then, there are two shown In the middle, again one left and one right. Finally, mid channel markers are shown in bottom center. The top left buoys are two cylindrical buoys with a pole maker next to them. This is marked \"Keep to Right of Buoy or Piling when Coming from Seaward\". The right one has a buoy that is shaped like a upward pointing bullet and colored red with a pole marker next to it. This is marked \"Keep to Left of Buoy or Piling when Coming from Seaward\". On the bottom left is a cylindrical buoy with stripes of red and a pole with stripes of red. This is marked \"Keep to Right to Follow Primary Channel Coming from Seaward\". On the right of this is a bullet shaped buoy with red stripes. This is marked \"Keep to Left to Follow Primary Channel Coming from Seaward. In the bottom center are the different types of markers, and are labelled \"Mid-Channel Markers\"."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig1-4",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This image shows the four typical daymarks.","This image has four day markers. Two on the top and two on the bottom. The left top and bottom are port side markers. The right top and bottom markers are the starboard markers. The top left side marker is a square within a square. The outer square is darker and the inner square is lighter. In the inner square is marked the number three. On the right is a right or starboard marker which is a triangle within a triangle. The outer triangle is dark shaded and the inner triangle is light shaded. On the inner triangle is a number two in white. The bottom left side marker is a rectangle marked five and has a triangle sign pointing to the right in a different shade. On the right of this is a rectangle marked six and has a triangular pointer pointing to the left. The left column is marked \"Port (Left) Markers (When Coming from Seaward). The right column of markers is marked \"Starboard (Right) Markers (When Coming from Seaward)."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig2-1",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This is a collage of pictures showing four types of sea planes.","This a collage of 4 pictures containing flying boats, float planes and amphibians. The top left picture shows a flying boat floating in water. The top right picture shows a float plane flying over a green land. Small trees and other landscapes are seen in the picture. The sky and some clouds in the background are also seen. The bottom left picture shows an amphibian plane which can both float in water and run on land parked near a tarmac with some greenery in the background. The bottom right picture shows another amphibious plane which is parked. It is a plane with rotor blade front with clear sky in the background."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig2-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This is a diagram of a flying boat it shows the side view and the Hull components.","This is an illustration that shows the side view of a flying boat and also its different hull components. The nose or the bow, the step or the mid portion, the stern or the backend of the plane are marked. The distance between the bow and the step is marked has the forebody length. The distance between the step and the stern is marked as the afterbody length. There is a rail that runs along the front of the nose called the spray rail. The floating body has a keel and chine. There is also a wing tip load which is marked."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig2-3",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This illustrates that float components and shows both the side view and the front view of the float of a floating boat.","This illustrates the float components of a floating boat. There are two parts in this diagram. The top part shows the side view of the float from the left to right. The bottom part shows the front view of the float. Different components like the bumper, the bow, mooring cleat, deck, internal bulkheads dividing watertight components, bilge pump openings, hand hole covers, stern, chine, sister Keelson, keel, step, skeg, and retractable water rudder are marked on the side view of the float. The front view marks the mooring cleat, bumper, spray rail, keel, sister keelson and chine. A float is a spindle shaped object and it is shown with the nose to the left in the image. The rudder and the stern are on the right."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig3-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This image shows what happens when an outgoing tide or a rising tide are nearest sea plane in its landing area.","There are two images in this illustration that are diagonally split across the width of the image. These two images depict that an outgoing tide can leave a seaplane far from the water. Similarly, a rising tide can cause a beached slip plane to float away. In the top image the sea has gone back after an outgoing tide. The sea plane is sitting on the beach with the observer standing close to the water away from the plane. In the bottom half of the picture the plane has floated away into the water far from land and a man is standing seeing it and scratching his head."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-1",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows the floats of a seaplane when it is on land.","This picture shows the floats of a seaplane when it is on land. This picture is to illustrates that a preflight inspection is to be done when the plane is on land. The two floats of a plane are seen on a wooden rail. The framework attached to the floats is connected to the base of the plane. During inspection it is necessary to check the spray rail on the inboard chine of the floats."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-10",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows how a seaplane should take a plow turn from upwind to downwind.","This is a diagram that shows how a seaplane needs to take a turn on water from upwind to downwind. The plane in its idling position is shown at the bottom of the image in its top view. A line indicates the progress of the plane during the plow turn. In the initial position, the engine is shown to be idling, the rudder down and the elevator is full up. In the next position, the plane is seen taking a right turn with the wind blowing against it. In this position, the full right rudder, full left aileron, and full elevator up is marked next to the illustration of the plane. In the third position, the plane is shown to have taken a further right turn with full left rudder, full left aileron and elevator full up. In the next position, the plane is parallel to its original position facing the wind, with added power to assume plowing attitude, with full right aileron and elevator full up. In the next position, the plane is shown to take a circular left turn with full left rudder, full right aileron, and elevator full up. In the final position, the plane has taken a one hundred eighty degree rotation from its original position. It is marked with reduce power to idle, rudder as needed to maintain heading. The plane following these steps takes a plow turn from upwind to downwind."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-11",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This illustration shows how the keel effect drives a seaplane in the direction of its tail.","This shows two panes left and right, split diagonally across the image length. On the left pane, the wind is marked with a thick arrow pointing down towards the plane. There are three scenarios presented. In the case when the rudders are up, the plane stays put. With the left rudder and left aileron down, the seaplane moves downward to the right. With the rudder and ailerons neutral, seaplane moves straight downward. With right rudder and right aileron down, seaplane moves downward to the left. On the right pane, the same scenario is presented with Engine thrust to balance wind motion."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-12",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This illustration shows how the wind force and the engine thrust act to sail the plane.","This illustration shows a seaplane on the water from the top view. A thick pointing downwards at the top shows the Wind direction. The nose of the plane is towards the top and the tail towards the bottom of the illustration. The plane moves to the left when there is enough power to overcome the wind. The plane moves to the left if the power just balances the wind. The plane moves backward to the left if the engine is idling. The plane moves towards the left rudder if the power is off. In all these cases, the plane is shown to have right aileron up and the left aileron down."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-13",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows how porpoising increases if it's not corrected promptly","This illustration shows the seaplane in four stages of the flight. The flight path is seen like a sine wave with increase amplitude. In the first stage, the plane is seen to rise, in the second stage, it's seen to dip, in the third it is seen to rise more and in the fourth, it is seen to dip more. In all stages, the side view of the plane is shown. This shows how porpoising increases in amplitude if not corrected promptly."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-14",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This is a graph showing water drag and propeller thrust during a takeoff turn.","This is a graph showing the Pounds thrust or drag on the Y-axis. On the x-axis is Knots starting from zero to 80. Two curves are shown. One is for Water drag and another for Propeller Thrust. In the Water drag curve, the curve rises as a parabola to a \"hump\" at around 30 knots and asymptotes with the x-axis at about 65 knots. The propeller thrust on the other hand is a slope that starts high at the beginning of the flight and slowly reduces by around 80 knots."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-15",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows how to counter weathervaning by leading the aimpoint.","This picture has two panes in it. The left one shows the point of view of the pilot sitting in the plane. Part of the dashboard, the seaplane and the horizon are seen. Dotted lines are shown in the direction of the nose of the plane. Another thick line leading from the nose towards a buoy on the water is seen to the right of the direction of movement of the plane. On the right pane, the top view of the plane is shown in two stages. In the first stage, the plane begins to take off by aiming downward of the intended takeoff path. In the second stage, the airplane weathervanes to the intended path during take off. The wind is indicated by a thick arrow from the right to the left."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-16",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This is a picture showing the pilot how to retract the water rudders after take off","Three stages of the plane in its take off are shown from the top view. A thick line shows the flight path. A thick arrow pointing from the top left towards the bottom right is shown to indicate the wind direction. The first stage is when the plane starts takeoff run with water rudders down. The second stage is when the plane continues to takeoff using appropriate aerodynamic controls. In the third stage, the plane lifts off and the water rudders need to be retracted to avoid damage to them during landing."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-17",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This is an illustration that shows how the wind force balances with centrifugal force","This is an illustration that shows how a clockwise moving seaplane's centrifugal force balances with the wind. Three stags are depicted in a clockwise arc on this image. The wind is indicated by a thick arrow pointing to the bottom right and is located at the top left corner of the image. Since the plane is moving in an clockwise arc, the centrifugal force is opposite in direction to the wind force. Since these are opposing each other, they balance each other."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows the bilge pump openings and the soft rubber ball used to close them on a float.","This picture shows the top of a float of a seaplane. The image is a closeup of the top of the float with the bilge opening seen in the centre of the picture. A soft rubber ball that is used to close the bilgepump opening is also seen next to the opening. There are two rectangular designs on either side of the bilge opening."]
[null,"Seaplane Skiplane",null,null,"fig4-3",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows how to check if there will be water in the float compartment with bilge pump.","The picture is that of the cross section of a float of a sea plane. There is water shown in the bottom of the compartment. The tubing of the bilge pump is seen to be damaged and not connected to the pump. There are two hands working the pump and water is not seen being removed using the pump. This is an illustration that shows how one can check if there is water in the compartment. If the bilge pump does not remove a little water, the inspector is urged to check if the bilge pump tubing is damaged. There may be water in the compartment if the bilge pump fails to remove water."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig4-4",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows the floats of a seaplane on land as viewed from the back.","This picture depicts the floats of a seaplane from the back-side view. The water rudder on the near side float is seen. The framework connecting the floats and the plane is also seen. While doing inspection of the floats, the water rudders, cables, springs, and pulleys should be checked for proper operation."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig4-5",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts the side-view of a seaplane with floats in an idling position in water.","This depicts the seaplane and its attitude in an idling position. The side view of the plane is seen with the floats horizontally on the water. This shows that during idling R P M, the seaplane moves slowly, the attitude is almost level, and the seaplane is supported purely by buoyancy."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig4-6",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts the side-view of a seaplane with floats in ploughing position.","This depicts the seaplane in ploughing position. The side-view of the plane is seen floating on the water. The nose is slightly up and the tail is slightly low. The floats are pointed upwards in the front and are dipping in the back. The furrows in the water are shown."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig4-7",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts the side-view of a seaplane while on the step.","This depicts the seaplane in step position. The side-view of the plane is seen about to take off in the step position. The attitude is nearly level, just as in the case of an idling position, and the weight of the seaplane is mostly supported by hydrodynamic lift. Behind the step, the floats are clear of the water. The furrows are shown to be turbulent behind the floats."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig4-8",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This collage of diagrams shows the wind effects on turns on seaplanes.","There are four panes in this illustration. The top two are top views of a seaplane when it takes a turn. The top left pane shows the seaplane that is floating on water taking an anti-clockwise turn. A thick arrow points towards the plane indicating the wind direction. In such a scenario, both the Centrifugal force and the wind force are acting in the same direction. These are depicted by two thick arrows pointing downward in the illustration. On the right pane, the plane is taking a clock wise turn from left to right. The wind direction is indicated by a thick arrow pointing downwards. In this case, the wind force is acting towards the centre of the turning radius of the plane and the centrifugal force is acting in the opposite direction. In the bottom two panes, the same anti-clockwise and clockwise turns are shown in the front-view of the planes. Thick arrows indicate the Wind force and Centrifugal force acting towards the plane in the left pane. In the right pane where the clockwise turn is taking place, the wind force is acting to the left and the centrifugal force is acting to the right balancing both. In the anticlockwise turn where the wind and centrifugal force are not countered, the plane is not stable. However, in the clockwise turn, where the wind force and centrifugal force are countered, the plane is stable."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig4-9",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This is a comparison of a float plane in idling position against the ploughing position to show how the forces counteract each other.","There are two panes in this image. The top pane shows the idling position and the bottom one shows the ploughing position. In the idling position, the floats are horizontal and the attitude of the plane is level. In the ploughing position, the front of the floats are elevated, the rudder in the back is dipping into the water. A vertical line is drawn in both panes to show the center of buoyancy. In the idling position, this line is to the front near the cockpit. In the ploughing position, this line is behind the cockpit and shows how the exposed area at the front of the floats, combined with the rearward shift of the center of buoyancy, can help to counteract the weathervaning tendency."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig5-1",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This shows how the location of CG can affect seaplane handling","In this picture, the front view of a seaplane on floats floating on water is shown. The left wing of the plane is on the right of the image in front view. The right wing of the plane is seen on the left in the front view. In the fuel tank in the right wing, there is less fuel. On the left wing, the tank is full of fuel. The left tank is labelled \"Unbalanced Fuel load\" and is shown to have the wing dipping more than the other wing."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig5-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows how the side area of the floats can decrease directional stability.","In this picture, the top view of a seaplane is shown on the top and the side view of the same plane is shown at the bottom. A thick downward pointing arrow indicating wind direction is shown. The nose of the plane is facing the opposing wind direction. A thick arrow pointing to the left is shown to indicate how the floats will cause a decrease in directional stability of the seaplane."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig5-3",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This image depicts how vertical surfaces added to the tail help to restore directional stability","This has two photographs of two different types of seaplanes. The top images has a seaplane a vertical surface has been added below the tail of the plane. The appendage is marked by a thick arrow. The plane is seen floating on water on its floats. In the second image below it, vertical surfaces are added to the tail wings."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig5-4",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts the pitching forces in seaplanes with a high thrust line","In this picture two scenarios are presented. In both, a high thrust line seaplane is shown in its sideview. In the first one on top, a thick arrow points towards the nose indicating increasing thrust. In this, the pitching forces are acting downward and are indicated by a thick arrow pointing downward. In the second one at the bottom, a thick arrow points towards the tail indicating decreasing thrust. In this, the pitching forces are acting upwards indicated by a thick arrow pointing upward."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig5-5",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows roll instability with a high-mounted engine.","There are two comparative images shown in this illustration. The top one is the front-view of a plane with a top mounted engine. Thick rolling arrows with arrow heads pointing to left and right are shown with curvy stem pointing to a roll instability. In comparison, a hammer balanced on a hand with its head at the top is shown with the same arrow head."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-1",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows the wind streaks on a seaplane's window.","This is a photograph of wind streaks on a side window on a seaplane. The wing is also seen. Wind streaks on a wind shield or window pane show the wind direction accurately, but the pilot must determine which end of the streak is upwind."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-10",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts a float plane approach to a ramp in a crosswind. Shows the float plane direction on the water toward the ramp.","This picture depicts a float plane approach to a ramp in a crosswind. Shows the float plane direction on the water toward the ramp. The picture shows the starting location of the float plane on the right side of the image. The float planes direction of travel is from right to left. Land is on the right side of the float plane. The text located next to this float plane image states approach ramp from upwind side. There is a wide arrow pointing to the left near the float plane that states wind. The starting float plane and wind direction at this point is the same direction. On the right side of the image there is ramp that extends from the land into the water. There is a second image of the float plane showing a right turn onto the ramp. The text next to this float plane image states allow wind to weathervane the seaplane until lined up with the ramp. Use power to pull the seaplane well onto the ramp."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This image indicates that the touchdown attitude for most seaplanes is the almost the same as for taxiing on the step.","This shows a diagram of the side-view of a seaplane about to land. It has its nose pointed upward slightly. This is the same attitude of the plane as you would expect when the plane is taxiing at step."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-3",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows how an improper technique or excessive wind can lead to an accident","In this picture, two panes of diagrams are shown. One above and one below. The top one has the first three stage of a poor technique with the wind blowing from the left to the right. This is indicated with a thick arrow. In the first stage, the front view of the plane is seen with the left wing tilted more towards the sealine. In the second stage, the plane is about to tip and the wing is already touching the water. In the third, the nose has dipped into water as also has most part of the right wing. In the bottom pane, the plane is seen with the nose and wings dipping in water. In the fifth stage in the bottom pane, the nose, the cockpit and most of one wing are under water."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-4",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture shows how dropping of an upwind wing counters the drift of a crosswind.","This picture shows the front-view of a seaplane that is about to land. In this the wind is blowing from the left to the right as indicated by a thick arrow. The right wing of the plane is shown to be dipping. Three thick arrows are shown above the plane. One is perpendicular to the wings and is labelled 'Lift\". Another thick arrow is perpendicular to the sea level and is labelled \"vertical component\". Another thick arrow labelled \"horizontal component\" is parallel to the ground. On the other wing is the text \"Angle Exaggerated for Clarity\". This dropping of the upwind wing uses a horizontal component of lift to counter the drift of the crosswind since this counters the wind force."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-5",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts three float plane images showing a flight path. The text under the picture states a downwind arc is one way to compensate for a crosswind.","This picture depicts three float plane images showing a flight path. The text under the picture states a downwind arc is one way to compensate for a crosswind. The first float plane image starts at the bottom right of the picture. The flight path is shown to move up the rectangular picture curving toward the left upper side of the image where the second float plane image is located. The second float plane has one wide arrow pointing from its left wing to the left, the text next to the arrow states centrifugal force. The second float plane has one wide arrow pointing from its right wing to the right, the text next to the arrow states skidding force. Near the top left of the picture is a wide arrow with the text wind. From the second float plane image the flight path is half circle toward the right with the third float plane image being located in the upper right of the picture."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-6",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts two float plane paths over glassy water where both airplanes are shown with half of the plane underwater due to misjudging altitude.","This picture depicts two float plane paths over glassy water where both airplanes are shown with half of the plane underwater due to misjudging altitude. The text under the picture states the consequences of misjudging altitude over glassy water can be catastrophic. The first float plane travels from the top left of the image angled down toward the right side of the center of the picture. The first float plane direction placed itself traveling directly into the water nose first. The text that is next to the first float plane states failure to flare. The second float plane is shown to take the same flight plan as the first float plane. However, the second float plane changes course about halfway into the approach going from top left of the picture angled down to level flight heading left to right, at this point the text next to this location states flare too early. The second float plane&#8217;s direction of travel is shown to be left to right middle of the picture, for a bout a third of the picture. The second float planes flight path is shown to change by curving down, at this location the text states stall. The direction of travel for the second float plane from the stall point shows it crashing into the water with the tail of the aircraft higher up than the first float plane."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-7",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts landing approach and descent to the surface by a float plane. Picture has four placements of float plane images along the approach and provides instructions on approach, descent attitude, airspeed and after landing.","This picture depicts landing approach and descent to the surface by a float plane. Picture has four placements of float plane images along the approach and provides instructions on approach, descent attitude, airspeed and after landing. The text below the picture states hold the landing attitude, airspeed, and 150 f.p.m. rate of descent all the way to the surface. The direction of travel of the float plane starts at the top right side of the image. The first float plane image appears near the top center of the image with the direction of travel angled down traveling to a point on the left middle side of the image. The text next to the first float plane states perform a normal approach but set up to land at 200 feet above the water surface. The direction of the float plane&#8217;s travel is shown to change coming from the left middle side of the image angled down to where the float plane is shown to have landed on the bottom right of the image. The second float plane image is positioned on the left side middle at traveling down angle to the bottom right of the picture to land. There are lines that mark the height of the float plane from the water surface to the nose of the aircraft, the text states 200 feet. Next to the second float plane there is additional text that states establish landing attitude and 150 f.p.m descent at 200 feet. The third float plane image is located middle lower center of the picture, traveling to the right angled down. The text next to the third float plane states maintain landing attitude, airspeed, and descent rate all the way to the water. The fourth float plane image is resting on the water surface pointing right. The text next to the fourth float plane image states after landing, close throttle and maintain planning attitude."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-8",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts a seaplane anchored to the ocean floor. A discarded tire is also shown on the right side of the image on the ocean floor.","This picture depicts a seaplane anchored to the ocean floor. A discarded tire is also shown on the right side of the image on the ocean floor. The anchor is located on the bottom left of the image resting on a sand sea floor. From the anchor the line runs up and to the right where it is attached to the right pontoon of the aircraft, which is sitting stationary on the ocean surface."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig6-9",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts  a pontoon of a float plane traveling left to right about to make contact with a ramp that originates from the right of the image at the same height of the pontoon and extends down into the water under the pontoon.","This picture depicts a pontoon of a float plane traveling left to right about to make contact with a ramp that originates from the right of the image at the same height of the pontoon and extends down into the water under the pontoon. Under the pontoon there are many bubbles and just in front of the pontoon is a very small wave. The text under the image states the bow wave cushions the contact with the ramp."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig7-1",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts a ski plane not running sitting on snow facing to the left of the image with a mountain background.","This picture depicts a ski plane not running sitting on snow facing to the left of the image with a mountain background."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig7-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts an airplane&#8217;s wheels having been replaced with skis. The text under the picture states Wheel replacement ski","This picture depicts an airplane&#8217;s wheels having been replaced with skis. The text under the picture states Wheel replacement ski. There are two skis attached to the aircraft where before the plane had wheels."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig7-3",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts a penetration ski attached to an airplane. The image shows how the wheel of the plane rest in the ski.","This picture depicts a penetration ski attached to an airplane. The image shows how the wheel of the plane rest in the ski. The wheel extends down partially below the ski, allowing the ski plane to operate from both snow and non-snow surfaces."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig7-4",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts a ski plane facing right on snow, the text below the image states engine warmup.","This picture depicts a ski plane facing right on snow, the text below the image states engine warmup. There is a small mound of snow in front of the skis, to prevent the ski plane from taxiing."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig7-5",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts a top down view of a ski plane taxi in a crosswind showing direction of movement in wind.","This picture depicts a top down view of a ski plane taxi in a crosswind showing direction of movement in wind. The ski plane is traveling from the bottom of the image to the top of the image. The text above the ski plane shows an arrow pointing up with the text that states direction of movement. The ski plane is oriented left slightly in relationship to direction of movement. There is an arrow located on the left side of the ski plane that points to the right, directly at the ski plane with the text that states wind."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig7-6",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts a mixture of grass and dirt. Some areas are light other areas have small shadows due to uneven ground. The text below the picture states tundra.","This picture depicts a mixture of grass and dirt. Some areas are light other areas have small shadows due to uneven ground. The text below the picture states tundra."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig7-7",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts a single landing ski that is attached to the airplane. The ski is resting on top of two blocks of wood.","This picture depicts a single landing ski that is attached to the airplane. The ski is resting on top of two blocks of wood. The text below the image states supporting the skis above the surface prevents them from freezing in place."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig8-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts two images one above the other showing water wave patterns with the text below the picture that states height-to-length ratio.","This picture depicts two images one above the other showing water wave patterns with the text below the picture that states height-to-length ratio. The top image has two waves. Above the two wave crests there are lines showing the points to be measured. There is a solid line that points to both marks with the text that states 400 feet. The height of the wave on the left side of the image is shown to be measured by a line at the top of the wave crest and another line below it that touches the trough with the text 20 feet. On the bottom right of the image is the text that states height-to-length ratio 1 to 20. The bottom images have four waves. Above the two middle wave crests there are lines showing the points to be measured. There is a solid line that points to both marks with the text that states 150 feet. The height of the wave on the left side of the image is shown to be measured by a line at the top of the wave crest and another line below it that touches the trough with the text 15 feet. On the bottom right of the image is the text that states height-to-length ratio 1 to 10."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig8-3",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts two images one above the other that shows results of wave interference.","This picture depicts two images one above the other that shows results of wave interference. The top image shows to wave crest with a trough in between the two crests. On the left wave is an arrow and text that states wave A. On the right wave is an arrow and text that states wave B. Above the water there is text pointing at the crest of wave A and the text states resultant wave. There are two thin lines of different color that are loosely intertwined that span the entire image from left to right. These two thin lines are positioned to run through the center of both wave A and B and just above the trough located between wave A and B. The bottom image shows a flat-water surface. There is text located in the water on the left side the text states wave A with arrow pointing at the flat-water surface, also on the right side the text states wave B with arrow pointing at the flat-water surface. There are two thin lines of different color that are tightly intertwined that span the entire image from left to right. These two lines travel directly though the flat-water surface. The text above the water states resultant wave with an arrow pointing directly at the flat-water surface."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig8-5",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts three images side by side of a float plane landing in the same direction as the movement of the swell.","This picture depicts three images side by side of a float plane landing in the same direction as the movement of the swell. The text under the picture states landing in the same direction as the movement of the swell increases the apparent length between swell crests. The first image left side shows a float plane landed on the near the crest of the swell. The text above the float plane image states position of swell at touchdown. The float plane is traveling from left to right in the image. At the bottom of the image where the water is located is a large arrow pointing right, with the text direction of swell movement. The middle image shows the float plane located on the water traveling left to right located between two swells, one swell behind the float plane and one swell in front of the float plane. At the bottom of the image where the water is located is a large arrow pointing right, with the text direction of swell movement. The third image right side shows the float plane on the water, the text above the float plane states position of swell at end of runout. The plane is heading to the right. At the bottom of the image where the water is located is a large arrow pointing right, with the text direction of swell movement."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig8-6",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"This picture depicts three images side by side of a float plane landing against the swell.","This picture depicts three images side by side of a float plane landing against the swell, the goal of the images is to demonstrate that landing against the swell shortens the apparent distance between crests and could lead to trouble. The first image left side shows a float plane landing on the back side of a swell, facing the next swell. The float plane is traveling right to left with the text above the float plane image states, Position of swell at Touchdown. At the bottom of the image where the water is located is a large arrow pointing right, with the text direction of swell. The middle image shows the float plane image as being bounced up into the air from the swell located to the float planes rear. The text above the float plane states, Position of swell halfway through runout. At the bottom of the image where the water is located is a large arrow pointing right, with the text direction of swell. The third image right side show an image of the float plane nose down with half the float plane being under water. The text above the float plane states position of swell at end of runout. At the bottom of the image where the water is located is a large arrow pointing right, with the text direction of swell."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig8-7",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"The picture depicts two images of a float plane's landing heading one for a single and one image for a multiple swell system.","The picture depicts two images of a float plane's landing heading one for a single and one image for a multiple swell system. The image top left is for a single or primary swell. The image shows the landing heading of the float plane as being left to right with the text Landing Heading placed in front of the float plane. There is a wide arrow pointing to the left back of the float plane, the text next to the arrow states Primary Swell Direction. On the right side of the float plane near the end of the arrow pointing to the landing heading of the float plane is an image of a big arrow with the text WIND. The WIND arrow is pointing a path that would be directly at the front right of the float plane. The image at the bottom right is for a multiple swell system. The image shows the landing heading of the float plane as being left to right with the text Landing Heading placed in front of the float plane. There is a wide arrow pointing to the left back of the float plane, the text next to the arrow states Primary Swell Direction. There is an additional arrow from left to right that parallels the float plane&#8217;s landing heading, with the text that states Secondary Swell Direction. On the left side of the float plane is a big arrow with the text WIND pointing at the front left side of the float plane."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig8-8",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"The picture depicts a water landing by parachute flare.","The picture is long and rectangular. Showing the flight path of a float plane making a water landing by parachute flare. The image shows the start of the flight path near the upper right center of the picture. The path of the float plane is shown traveling towards the lower left side of the picture, with text stating; 45 seconds. Then the flight path curves downward near the bottom of the image, example would be a backwards J. The text at the bottom of the curved flight path states; 220 degrees, 73 seconds. At the end of this curve the text states 200 feet. Once the loop curve is finished the flight path of the plane is straight heading to the top of the picture on the right side of the image. To the right of where the float plane was shown to have started the flight path there is an image of the float plane, with a highlighted line with the text Touchdown Zone. Centered between and above the start of the flight path and float plane image is a parachute flare image with the text 2,000 feet. Above the float plane image, the flight path is not a solid line but dashes, with the text Landing Heading. From the start of the flight path there is a line pointing in a half circle up to the top of the picture where the Land heading of the float plane would travel, the text placed in the center of the semi-circle states 140 degrees."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig8-9",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"The picture depicts a flight path for a water landing using markers as visual cues.","The picture depicts a flight path for a water landing using markers as visual cues. The picture is long and rectangular. The flight path starts at the top of the picture on the left side. As the plane travels down the image there are nine markers that are shown placed in the water, these are visual cues lighted markers and appear as highlighted small circles. The flight path continues down and performs a right 90-degree turn followed immediately by a 270-degree left turn. On the image there is text showing both the 90 degree and 270 degree turns. At the end of the 270 degree turn there is text showing 200 feet. While in the 270 degree left turn the plane is to descend to 200 feet. The image shows the flight path moving from the bottom right of the image straight to the top of the image. There is text on the image that states, 200 f.p.m. Rate of Descent 10 percent to 20 percent above stall speed. Flaps down. There is an image of a float plane on the picture landing on the water with the nose of the plane pointing in the direction of the top of the picture. The lighted markers that are on the images are to the left of the plane. There is text to the right of the plane that states Touchdown Zone and defines an area that the plane should attempt to land in. Landing Heading text is at the top of the shown path of the float plane image."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig9-1",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"The picture depicts a float helicopter flying over water and vegetation.","The picture depicts a float helicopter flying over water and vegetation. Helicopter is flying from the top right of the image to the bottom left with floats installed on the helicopter's skids."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig9-2",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"The picture depicts two float helicopters, one above the other both facing left.","The picture depicts two float helicopters, one above the other both facing left. The float helicopter on top has a skid on float design, where the skid of the helicopter rest on top of the float. The helicopter at the bottom of the image has a float on skid design where the float is attached above the skid of the helicopter."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig9-3",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"The picture depicts a helicopter flying from right to left with clouds in the lower right background.","The picture depicts a helicopter flying from right to left with clouds in the lower right background, fitted with emergency pop out floats attached to the helicopter's skids."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig9-4",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"Image title Float instability. The picture depicts a float helicopter with an intended flightpath","The image shows a float helicopter with an arrow of intended flightpath that started at the top left of the image and moving toward the bottom right of the image. In front of the float helicopter is a wide arrow pointing to the left of the helicopter with the text Yaw Left. On the top right of the image is a curved shaped arrow that starts on the outside of the helicopter&#8217;s blade area near the base of the helicopter and points over the blade area at the top of the helicopter. With the text Right Roll."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig9-5",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"The picture depicts the three different landing positions of a float helicopter relative to the swell.","Three images have been placed in this picture. The top image which is a third of the picture is of a float helicopter, perpendicular to the swell. The image shows the rotor strikes the tail boom. Also, the tail rotor strikes the water. The middle image also is a third of the picture size shows a float helicopter parallel to the ocean swell. Image shows the helicopter starting to tip over from the swell with a thick arrow pointing down into the ocean with the text Dynamic Rollover. The third image at the bottom of the picture shows a float helicopter sitting on the ocean with the text Angled 30 degrees to 45 degrees to Swell. Note the helicopter appears to be in a safe position when compared to the above two images."]
[{"$nulls":4},"fig9-6",null,null,"NO","Moderate",null,"Ski equipped helicopter.","Picture of a ski equipped helicopter flying in the air. Some hazy clouds are also seen in the background on the left bottom of the picture. Ski equipped helicopters are capable of operating from snow and other soft surfaces that might otherwise inhibit conventional gear helicopters."]

{"sheet":"Summary","index":1,"n_rows":18,"n_cols":4,"rows_kept":18,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[2,2,2,3],[3,2,3,3]]}
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[null,null,"Details are in the Template tab"]
[null,null,"Alt-Text Assessment Report"]
[null,null,"Publisher"]
[null,null,"Title"]
[null,null,"ISBN"]
[null,null,"DLID"]
[null,null,"Author"]
[null,null,"Pages"]
[null,null,"Received Date"]
[null,null,"Dispatch Date"]
[null,null,"Language","English"]
[null,null,"Image Count",61]
[null,null,"Simple",1]
[null,null,"Moderate",60]
[null,null,"Complex"]
[null,null,"ATAR Score",{"$f":"+(D15*2)+(D16*4)+(D17*6)","v":242}]